In March 2015, American astronaut Scott Kelly and his Russian counterpart Mikhail Kornienko launched an unprecedented campaign. They have embarked on a year-long mission inside the International Space Station, the longest-running mission on the ISS. Now, I think there are all sorts of things to worry about when packing for a year-long space trip, such as, “How many books should I bring? How many pairs of underwear? Am I ready to put poopinginto in plastic that is pulled daily every year? Will I encounter a broken ship surrounded by a wind left by madness from a forgotten machine, as in every horror space film? Will there be coffee? . ”All questions work, but the real question is, We know that low gravity is hard on the body and this goal is primarily about examining the body's long-term weight effects. Astronauts often experience such things as trouble sleeping, a swollen face, and weight loss, but perhaps the greatest damage to the microgravity environment that causes bone loss.
And bones, treat them well. Although they all look dry and heavy, don't be fooled - your bones are alive. I'm fine I tell you! They are actually as powerful as any of your organs, and are made of functional tissue that constantly renews, regenerates, and repairs itself throughout your life. In fact, you get a whole new set of bones every 7 to 10 years! In short, your bones do more than just provide your bag of delicious meat with support and fullness and the ability to move around. How your bones store the calcium, phosphate, and other minerals you need to keep neurons and muscles out. They are also important for hematopoiesis, or the production of blood cells. All your new blood - and we talk like a billion blood cells a day! - It is done in the bone marrow of your bone, which helps to keep energy as fat. Bones even help maintain homeostasis by regulating blood calcium levels and producing the hormone osteocalcin, which regulates bone formation and protects against glucose intolerance and diabetes. A person suffers from one or two percent of bone marrow every month.
By comparison, the average adult who experiences bone loss is 1-2 percent annually. So with Kelly and Kornienko, that could mean a loss of 20 percent over a year. Given everything your bones do, that's really bad. And while most of the losses are reversed when they return to earth, it is not as easy as clicking on one of Madame Pomfrey'sSkel-E-Gro drugs. Rehabilitation can take years of hard work, and that's just a few months after the cycle… That's why Kelly and Kornienko are science heroes, not just physiotherapists and physiotherapists everywhere, but anyone with bones. The average human body has 206 bones, varying in size and shape from the small tips of the inner ear to the large thigh. That’s a lot of bones to keep tabs open, so anatomists usually divide these structures first by location, by axial or appendicular groups. As you can imagine, your axial bones are located near the axis of your straight body - in your skull, in the spinal column, and in the rib cage. They are like your foundation, things you can't live without - they carry other parts of your body, provide bone support, and protection of body parts. Your normal bones are nothing else, the bones that make up your legs, and the things that connect those arms to your axial bones, like your pelvis and shoulders.
These bones help us to move around. From there, the bones are often separated by their structure, and fortunately the bones are clearly visible. The long bones of your bones look old, they look like a dog - the bones of the legs are longer than the broad ones, like the tibia and fibula of your lower legs, but also the three bones that make up your fingers. Follow some of those long bones in your hand, and then hit a short bone made of a piece, such as the talus of your foot and the cuboid, or the lacunae of your hand or scaphoid. Your flat bones are the smallest, as are your sternum and scapulae, and the bones that make up your side of the brain. And your abnormal bones are all as complex as your spinal cord and pelvis, which are often unique and distinct. But apart from the differences in size, shape, and function, all bones have the same internal structure. They all have a thick layer, which looks smooth without the joint, or cortical bone around the hive, which looks like a bee sponge. This sponge-shaped bone is made up of tiny pieces called trabeculae that help the bone to withstand pressure.
And that's where you get your bone marrow, which comes in two colors, red Red bones are the building blocks of blood cells, so you should be glad you have one of those. Yellow bone marrow stores energy as fat - in the event that you are a carnivorous animal, yellow bone marrow may be one of the best sources of calories you can get. The structure of these bone tissues, however, may vary slightly, from one type of bone to the next. In the flat, short and irregular bones, for example, these tissues resemble the appearance of a sponge sponge on compact-bone bread. But for some of your older bones, such as the femur and humerus, the sponge bone and its red bone marrow are focused on the tips. These inflamed ends, or epiphyses enclose a bone shaft, or diaphysis, which - instead of having a sponge bone in the middle - surrounds the empty cavity filled with that yellow bone. Now, even though the bone looks solid, take a microscope and you will see that it is actually loaded with thickened plates and lined with narrow tunnels.
It is complicated and complicated there, but the closer you get to the microanatomy of the bones, the better you can see how they are formed and how they work, down to the cellular level. Let's start with the basic units of bone structure, called osteons. These are cylindrical, weight-bearing structures that move in parallel to the axis of the bone. Look inside the other and you will see that they contain tubes inside the tubes, so that the short part of the pumpkin looks like rings on the trunk of a tree. Each of these interlocking lumps, or lamellae, is packed with collagen fibers that run in the same direction. This reinforced structure helps your bone withstand torsion pressure, which is similar to the twisting of your bones, which they experience a lot, and I encourage you not to think about how a fracture can occur in one of your bones. Now, bone needs to be nourished just like any other tissue, so running the length of each osteon is the central channels, holding the nerves and blood vessels.
And then, the focus between the layers of lamellae are small oblong gaps called lacunae. Very small as they are, these small spaces are where the real work of your skeletal system is done, because they enclose your osteocytes. These are mature bone cells that monitor and maintain your bone matrix. They are like the building blocks of your bones, transmitting instructions to the two main functions of your bones: osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts - from the Greek words "bone" and "germ" or "sprout" - are cells that make up your bones, and they are actually the ones that make up your bones in the first place. At the embryonic stage, bone tissue usually begins as a cartilage, which allows your skeletal structure to grow. When osteoblasts enter, they release a cocktail similar to collagen glue, as well as enzymes that absorb calcium, phosphate and other minerals in the blood. These minerals form calcium phosphate, which flows through the cartilage structure, eventually forming a bone matrix of about one-third, two-thirds of the protein. From the time you are in the womb until you are 25, your osteoblasts continue to store more collagen and more calcium phosphate, until your bones are fully grown and fully developed. So while your osteoblasts are skeletal, your osteoclasts are bone - which is a kind of violent image. Perhaps you think of them as a person breaking bones. Although these two types of cells perform specific functions, they are not mortal enemies. In fact, I’m happy to report that they get along well, and they create a perfect balance that allows your bones to regenerate.
It’s like you want to renovate your house, you have to tear down all those worn cabinets and musty carpet before you bring in the beautiful solid wood floors and custom tables. These cells work in the same way, in a process that I would say is less stressful than home development - called bone repair. The masters of this process are those osteocytes, who start over when they feel pressure and difficulty, or who respond to mechanical factors, such as space weakness, or the impact of stoning. So, let's go out and run and something happens - nothing will scare you! - but suddenly the osteocytes in your femur detect a small, very small fracture, and begin the process of repair. First, osteocytes release chemical signals that direct osteoclasts to the site of damage. Once there, they release both the collagen digestive enzyme, as well as the acidic hydrogen-ion compound that dissolves calcium phosphate, restoring its components in the blood. This process of disintegration is called resorption. When old bone tissue is cleansed,
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